UPPSC Prelims 2025 Question Paper (GS Paper I) with Answers & Explanations

All 150 questions from UPPSC PCS Prelims 2025, GS Paper I. Each question has the correct answer and an explanation of why it is right and the other options are not. Try each one first, then open “Show answer and explanation”.

Answers with explanations are written by our team. Explanations still being checked by a subject expert are marked.

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Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): The interior part of Australia is desert and semi-desert.

Reason (R): Northern Australia is situated in the temperate zone.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false

Australia's interior is desert and semi-desert (Great Victoria, Great Sandy, Gibson, Simpson), because it lies in the subtropical high-pressure belt and in the rain shadow of the Great Dividing Range. Northern Australia lies in the tropics (the Tropic of Capricorn crosses the country), not the temperate zone, so (R) is false.

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): India is the second largest mobile gaming market in the world.

Reason (R): There are more than 950 million internet users in India.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

India is described as the world's second-largest mobile gaming market (by number of gamers, after China), and it has over 950 million internet subscribers (TRAI, 2024). The huge, cheap mobile internet base is what drives the gaming market, so (R) is taken as explaining (A).

This explanation is being checked by a subject expert.

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Babur wrote Tuzk-e-Babri in Chagatai Turki.

Reason (R): Turki was the official language of the Mughal Court.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false

Babur wrote his memoirs, Tuzuk-i-Baburi (Baburnama), in Chagatai Turki, his mother tongue. Persian, not Turki, was the official language of the Mughal court, so (R) is false.

Match List-I with List-II and choose the correct answer by using the code given below the lists.

List-I (Coal Field)

A. Appalachian

B. Lancashire

C. Ruhr

D. Kuzbass

List-II (Country)

1. England

2. Germany

3. Russia

4. USA

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 4 1 2 3
  2. (b) 1 4 3 2
  3. (c) 1 4 2 3
  4. (d) 4 1 3 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 4 1 2 3

Appalachian coalfield – USA; Lancashire – England; Ruhr – Germany; Kuzbass (Kuznetsk Basin) – Russia. Code 4 1 2 3.

With reference to 'Ecosystem', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Green plants in terrestrial ecosystem capture about 1% of energy of the sunlight that falls on their leaves.

2. Around 10% of organic matter reaches to the next higher level of consumers.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Green plants capture only about 1% of the sunlight falling on them (about 2–10% of photosynthetically active radiation), and by Lindeman's ten per cent law about 10% of energy/organic matter passes to the next trophic level. Both statements are correct.

Which of the following events took place in the year 1911?

1. Partition of Bengal revoked

2. Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi

3. Lucknow pact between Congress and Muslim League

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 1 and 2

At the Delhi Durbar of December 1911, the partition of Bengal was annulled and the capital's transfer from Calcutta to Delhi was announced. The Lucknow Pact was in 1916.

Consider the following events and arrange them in correct chronological order.

1. Poona Pact

2. End of Civil Disobedience Movement

3. Gandhi-Irwin Pact

4. Second Round Table Conference

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 3, 4, 2, 1
  2. (b) 4, 3, 1, 2
  3. (c) 4, 3, 2, 1
  4. (d) 3, 4, 1, 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) 3, 4, 1, 2

Gandhi–Irwin Pact – March 1931; Second Round Table Conference – September–December 1931; Poona Pact – September 1932; Civil Disobedience formally ended – April–May 1934. Order: 3, 4, 1, 2.

As per the India State of Forest Report 2023, which of the following districts in Uttar Pradesh had forest over more than 20% of their total area?

1. Bahraich

2. Chandauli

3. Shravasti

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 2 and 3

Among these UP districts, Chandauli (Chandraprabha forests) and Shravasti (Sohelwa forests) are the ones reported with forest over more than 20% of their area; Bahraich's share is lower. Verify the ISFR 2023 district figures against the official key.

This explanation is being checked by a subject expert.

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

(Coal Producing Area) – (State)

1. Maolong – Arunachal Pradesh

2. Raniganj – West Bengal

3. Ramgarh – Jharkhand

4. Talcher – Odisha

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 2, 3 and 4
  3. (c) Only 1, 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 2, 3 and 4

Mawlong is a coal area of Meghalaya (Khasi Hills), not Arunachal Pradesh (whose coal is at Namchik-Namphuk). Raniganj (West Bengal), Ramgarh (Jharkhand) and Talcher (Odisha) are correct.

With reference to 'Delhi Government's Bio-decomposer and Spray Programme', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. The Bio-decomposer solution is provided free of cost to farmers to help convert stubble into manure.

2. The Bio-decomposer solution is prepared using a mix of several fungi.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Under Delhi's programme, the Pusa bio-decomposer (developed by IARI from several fungal species) is sprayed free of cost on farmers' fields to turn paddy stubble into manure instead of burning it. Both statements are correct.

Q 11Polity

With reference to creation of new All India Service, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. In the national interest, the Rajya Sabha can pass a resolution for creation of new All India Service.

2. The resolution for creation of new All India Service must be passed by the Rajya Sabha by two-third majority of the total members of the house.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

Under Article 312, Parliament can create a new All India Service if the Rajya Sabha resolves, in the national interest, by a two-thirds majority of members present and voting, not of the total membership. Only statement 1 is correct.

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List-I (Disciple)

A. Kabir

B. Amir Khusrau

C. Surdas

D. Mardana

List-II (Guru)

1. Guru Nanak Dev

2. Swami Ramananda

3. Nizamuddin Auliya

4. Vallabhacharya

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 3 2 4 1
  2. (b) 3 2 1 4
  3. (c) 2 3 4 1
  4. (d) 2 3 1 4
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 2 3 4 1

Kabir – Swami Ramananda; Amir Khusrau – Nizamuddin Auliya; Surdas – Vallabhacharya; Mardana – Guru Nanak Dev. Code 2 3 4 1.

The English extraction's codes differed from the booklet; the booklet's are used.

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Investment in human capital yields returns in the future.

Reason (R): Education and health make people more productive.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Spending on education and health is called investment in human capital because it makes people more productive, which raises their future earnings and output. (R) explains (A).

Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List-I (Refinery)

A. Nayara

B. Manali

C. Numaligarh

D. Tatipaka

List-II (State)

1. Assam

2. Gujarat

3. Andhra Pradesh

4. Tamil Nadu

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 4 2 3 1
  2. (b) 2 4 1 3
  3. (c) 2 4 3 1
  4. (d) 4 2 1 3
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) 2 4 1 3

Nayara (Vadinar) – Gujarat; Manali (CPCL, Chennai) – Tamil Nadu; Numaligarh – Assam; Tatipaka (ONGC) – Andhra Pradesh. Code 2 4 1 3.

Both extractions misread the codes; they were taken from the booklet.

Which of the following is/are NOT a dimension of food security?

1. Availability

2. Accessibility

3. Affordability

4. Accountability

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 4
  3. (c) 2, 3 and 4
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 4

The dimensions of food security are availability, accessibility and affordability (with utilisation/stability in wider definitions). Accountability is not one of them.

With reference to 'Silver articles', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Silver articles turn black after some time when exposed to air.

2. It happens due to coating of silver sulphide.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Silver tarnishes black in air because it reacts with hydrogen sulphide and sulphur compounds to form a coating of silver sulphide (Ag₂S). Both statements are correct.

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists:

List-I (Mission)

A. Chandrayaan-3

B. Aditya L1

C. INSAT-3DS

D. RLV-LEX-01

List-II (Date of Launch)

1. 02 September 2023

2. 17 February 2024

3. 14 July 2023

4. 02 April 2023

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 1 3 4 2
  2. (b) 3 1 2 4
  3. (c) 3 1 4 2
  4. (d) 1 3 2 4
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) 3 1 2 4

Chandrayaan-3 – 14 July 2023; Aditya-L1 – 2 September 2023; INSAT-3DS – 17 February 2024; RLV-LEX-01 – 2 April 2023. Code 3 1 2 4.

The English extraction's codes differed from the booklet; the booklet's are used.

Match List - I with List - II and choose the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List - I (State)

A. Maharashtra

B. Karnataka

C. Bihar

D. Tamil Nadu

List - II (Number of seats in Rajya Sabha)

1. 16

2. 18

3. 19

4. 12

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 2 1 3 4
  2. (b) 2 4 3 1
  3. (c) 1 2 4 3
  4. (d) 3 4 1 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) 3 4 1 2

Rajya Sabha seats (Fourth Schedule): Maharashtra 19, Karnataka 12, Bihar 16, Tamil Nadu 18. Code 3 4 1 2.

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Poverty line differs across time and countries.

Reason (R): The basic needs of people vary across regions and overtime.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Poverty lines differ across countries and over time because what counts as a minimum basic need (food, clothing, shelter, education, health) changes across regions and with time. (R) explains (A).

With reference to Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar announced in June 2025, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Yuva Puraskar was announced in 23 Indian languages.

2. There is no Yuva Puraskar in Dogri this year.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

The Sahitya Akademi announced its Yuva Puraskar 2025 in June 2025 for 23 languages; Dogri is taken as the language with no award this year. Verify against the official key.

This explanation is being checked by a subject expert.

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): In the Himalayan mountains different types of vegetation are found.

Reason (R): In Himalayas, there are variations in climate with change in altitude.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Climate in the Himalayas changes with altitude, from tropical in the foothills to alpine and tundra near the snowline, so vegetation changes from tropical deciduous forest to temperate, coniferous and alpine meadows. (R) explains (A).

With reference to 'Carrying Capacity of Environment', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. The rate of resource extraction should remain above the rate of resource generation.

2. Generation of waste should remain within the absorption capacity of environment.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) Only 2

To stay within carrying capacity, resources must be extracted more slowly than they regenerate (statement 1 says the opposite), and waste must stay within the environment's absorptive capacity. Only statement 2 is correct.

Which of the following pairs is/are NOT correctly matched?

(Tribe) – (Habitat)

1. Bushman – Kalahari Desert

2. Eskimo – Northern Canada

3. Pygmy – Congo Basin

4. Masai – West Africa

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 1, 2 and 3
  2. (b) Only 4
  3. (c) Only 3 and 4
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 4

The Maasai live in East Africa (Kenya and Tanzania), not West Africa. Bushmen (Kalahari), Eskimos/Inuit (northern Canada) and Pygmies (Congo Basin) are correctly matched.

Q 24Polity

Which of the following pairs of Part of Indian Constitution and its subject is/are NOT correctly matched?

1. Part IV A - Fundamental Duties

2. Part VI - The States

3. Part XI - The Municipalities

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 3

Part XI deals with relations between the Union and the States; the Municipalities are in Part IX-A. Part IV-A (Fundamental Duties) and Part VI (the States) are correct.

Consider the following revolts and arrange them in correct chronological order.

1. Pabna

2. Indigo

3. Kuka

4. Sanyasi

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 4, 3, 2, 1
  2. (b) 3, 4, 1, 2
  3. (c) 3, 4, 2, 1
  4. (d) 4, 2, 3, 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) 4, 2, 3, 1

Sanyasi revolt (1763–1800), Indigo revolt (1859–60), Kuka movement (1860s–1872) and Pabna revolt (1873–76). Order: 4, 2, 3, 1.

Consider the following wars and arrange them in correct chronological order.

1. First Anglo-Mysore War

2. Second Anglo-French War

3. First Anglo-Sikh War

4. First Anglo-Afghan War

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 2, 1, 4, 3
  2. (b) 1, 2, 3, 4
  3. (c) 1, 2, 4, 3
  4. (d) 2, 1, 3, 4
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 2, 1, 4, 3

Second Anglo-French (Carnatic) War – 1749–54; First Anglo-Mysore War – 1767–69; First Anglo-Afghan War – 1839–42; First Anglo-Sikh War – 1845–46. Order: 2, 1, 4, 3.

The Gobi Desert is spread across which of the following countries?

1. Mongolia

2. China

3. Russia

4. Kazakhstan

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 1, 2 and 4
  3. (c) Only 1, 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) Only 1 and 2

The Gobi Desert spreads over southern Mongolia and northern China (Inner Mongolia); it does not extend into Russia or Kazakhstan.

Which of the following two are the major constituent of Bio-gas?

1. Methane

2. Butane

3. Carbon dioxide

4. Carbon monoxide

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 3
  2. (b) 3 and 4
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) 1 and 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 1 and 3

Biogas is mainly methane (about 50–75%) and carbon dioxide (about 25–50%), with traces of hydrogen sulphide and other gases.

'Adi Karmyogi Beta Version A Responsive Governance Initiative' was launched by which of the following ministry in June 2025?

1. Ministry of AYUSH

2. Ministry of Women and Child Development

3. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment

4. Ministry of Tribal Affairs

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 4
  3. (c) Only 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 4

'Adi Karmayogi – Responsive Governance Initiative' (beta version), to train officials and tribal leaders for better service delivery in tribal areas, was launched by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs in June 2025.

Arrange the following conquests of Alauddin Khalji in correct chronological order and select the correct answer from the code given below.

1. Ranthambore

2. Jaisalmer

3. Warangal

4. Chittor

Code:

  1. (a) 1, 2, 3, 4
  2. (b) 2, 1, 4, 3
  3. (c) 2, 1, 3, 4
  4. (d) 1, 2, 4, 3
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) 2, 1, 4, 3

Jaisalmer (about 1299), Ranthambore (1301), Chittor (1303) and Warangal (1309–10, by Malik Kafur). Order: 2, 1, 4, 3.

With reference to hydroelectricity in North India, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. There are huge possibilities of hydroelectricity in the Himalayan region.

2. Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar cannot utilise this potential because the Himalayas situated to their North lies in boundary of Nepal.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

The Himalayas have huge hydroelectric potential (statement 1). Eastern UP and Bihar can still benefit from Himalayan rivers in Nepal through cooperation (such as the Kosi and Gandak projects and power trade), so saying they cannot use it is taken as wrong.

This explanation is being checked by a subject expert.

Which of the following districts is/are part of the Devipatan Division in Uttar Pradesh?

1. Basti

2. Bahraich

3. Balrampur

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) Only 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Only 2 and 3

The Devipatan division (headquarters Gonda) has Gonda, Bahraich, Shravasti and Balrampur districts. Basti is the headquarters of a separate Basti division.

Q 33Polity

Consider the formation of the following States of India and arrange them in correct chronological order starting from the earliest to the last.

1. Punjab

2. Arunachal Pradesh

3. Nagaland

4. Sikkim

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 3, 2, 4, 1
  2. (b) 3, 4, 1, 2
  3. (c) 3, 1, 4, 2
  4. (d) 2, 3, 4, 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 3, 1, 4, 2

Nagaland – 1963; Punjab (reorganised, with Haryana carved out) – 1966; Sikkim – 1975; Arunachal Pradesh – 1987. Order: 3, 1, 4, 2.

With reference to 'Uttar Pradesh', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer of potato in the country.

2. Government of India has approved for establishment of South Asia Regional Centre of International Potato Centre at Aligarh.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

Uttar Pradesh is India's largest potato producer. The International Potato Center's South Asia Regional Centre was approved (June 2025) at Agra, not Aligarh. Only statement 1 is correct.

Arrange the following States of India in the ascending order on the basis of their area and select the correct answer from the code given below.

1. Haryana

2. Himachal Pradesh

3. Punjab

4. Uttarakhand

Code:

  1. (a) 1, 3, 2, 4
  2. (b) 3, 1, 4, 2
  3. (c) 3, 1, 2, 4
  4. (d) 1, 3, 4, 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) 1, 3, 4, 2

Areas: Haryana about 44,212 sq km, Punjab about 50,362, Uttarakhand about 53,483 and Himachal Pradesh about 55,673. Ascending order: 1, 3, 4, 2.

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Generally an alloy of lead and tin is used as a material of the fuse wire.

Reason (R): Alloy of lead and tin has a higher melting point than copper and aluminium.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false

Fuse wire is usually a lead–tin alloy because it has a low melting point, so it melts and breaks the circuit when excess current flows. Its melting point is lower, not higher, than copper and aluminium, so (R) is false.

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below the lists.

List-I (State)

A. Tamil Nadu

B. Rajasthan

C. Nagaland

D. Madhya Pradesh

List-II (Highest Peak)

1. Dhupgarh

2. Doddabetta

3. Guru Shikhar

4. Saramati

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 2 3 1 4
  2. (b) 3 2 4 1
  3. (c) 3 2 1 4
  4. (d) 2 3 4 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) 2 3 4 1

Tamil Nadu – Doddabetta (Nilgiris); Rajasthan – Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu); Nagaland – Saramati; Madhya Pradesh – Dhupgarh (Pachmarhi). Code 2 3 4 1.

Operation Brahma was launched by India in March 2025 to provide humanitarian aid to which of the following countries?

1. Bangladesh

2. Myanmar

3. Sri Lanka

4. Malaysia

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Only 2 and 4
  3. (c) Only 1 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) Only 2

Operation Brahma (March 2025) was India's humanitarian assistance and disaster relief mission to Myanmar after the 7.7 magnitude earthquake.

Q 39Polity

With reference to Municipalities, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. The eligible age to be a member of municipality is 25 years.

2. One-third of the total number of seats to be filled by direct election in the municipalities is reserved for women.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both 1 and 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Only 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Only 2

The minimum age for municipal membership is 21 years (Article 243V), not 25. Article 243T reserves at least one-third of directly elected seats in municipalities for women. Only statement 2 is correct.

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List-I (Governor General/Viceroy)

A. Lord Dalhousie

B. Lord Curzon

C. Lord William Bentinck

D. Lord Cornwallis

List-II (Important contribution/work)

1. Permanent settlement of Bengal

2. Prohibition of Practice of Sati

3. Partition of Bengal

4. Doctrine of Lapse

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 4 3 1 2
  2. (b) 3 4 2 1
  3. (c) 3 4 1 2
  4. (d) 4 3 2 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) 4 3 2 1

Lord Dalhousie – Doctrine of Lapse; Lord Curzon – Partition of Bengal (1905); Lord William Bentinck – abolition of sati (1829); Lord Cornwallis – Permanent Settlement (1793). Code 4 3 2 1.

Consider the following events and arrange them in correct chronological order.

1. Cripps Mission

2. Cabinet Mission

3. Shimla Conference

4. Wavell Plan

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1, 4, 3, 2
  2. (b) 4, 1, 2, 3
  3. (c) 4, 1, 3, 2
  4. (d) 1, 4, 2, 3
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 1, 4, 3, 2

Cripps Mission – March 1942; Wavell Plan – June 1945; Shimla Conference – June–July 1945; Cabinet Mission – March 1946. Order: 1, 4, 3, 2.

Q 42Polity

With reference to Public Accounts Committee, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Public Accounts Committee submits its report to the Lok Sabha.

2. Public Accounts Committee consists of 15 members from Rajya Sabha.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both 1 and 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Only 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

The Public Accounts Committee reports to the Lok Sabha (through the Speaker). It has 22 members: 15 from the Lok Sabha and 7 from the Rajya Sabha, so statement 2 is wrong.

Which of the following gasses is/are lighter than air?

1. Hydrogen chloride

2. Sulfur dioxide

3. Helium

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 3

Air's average molar mass is about 29 g/mol. Helium (4) is lighter; hydrogen chloride (36.5) and sulphur dioxide (64) are heavier.

With reference to 'Atal Tunnel' which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. This tunnel is the world's longest highway tunnel.

2. This tunnel is built in the Pir Panjal range of Himalayas.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) Only 2

The 9.02 km Atal Tunnel under Rohtang Pass, in the Pir Panjal range, is the world's longest highway tunnel above 10,000 feet, not the longest highway tunnel overall (that is Lærdal in Norway). Only statement 2 is correct.

With reference to 'ozone layer', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Ozone layer shields the surface of the earth from the ultra-violet radiations from the sun.

2. Ozone depletion has been linked to the chlorofluorocarbons.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

The stratospheric ozone layer absorbs harmful UV-B and UV-C radiation, and chlorofluorocarbons, which release chlorine in the stratosphere, are the main cause of its depletion. Both statements are correct.

Which of the following countries is/are NOT a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council?

1. Bahrain

2. Iran

3. Iraq

4. Qatar

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 2 and 3
  2. (b) 3 and 4
  3. (c) Only 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 2 and 3

The Gulf Cooperation Council has six members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Iran and Iraq are not members.

Q 47Polity

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Public Interest Litigation in India is essential for the rule of law.

Reason (R): Public Interest Litigation provides effective access of Justice to socially and economically weaker sections.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Public Interest Litigation relaxes locus standi so that anyone can approach the courts on behalf of the poor and marginalised. Giving these groups effective access to justice is why it is seen as essential to the rule of law. (R) explains (A).

Which one of the following books is NOT written by Kalidas?

1. Meghaduta

2. Raghuvamsam

3. Shringar Shatak

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 3

Meghaduta and Raghuvamsha are by Kalidasa. Shringara Shataka is one of the three Shatakas of Bhartrihari.

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Buland Darwaja was constructed at Fatehpur Sikri by the Mughal emperor Akbar.

Reason (R): Akbar built this monument to commemorate the birth of his son Jahangir.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false

Akbar built the Buland Darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri (about 1575–76) to commemorate his victory over Gujarat, not the birth of Jahangir, so (R) is false.

Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List-I (Port)

A. Paradeep

B. Tuticorin

C. Kakinada

D. Alappuzha

List-II (State)

1. Tamil Nadu

2. Kerala

3. Odisha

4. Andhra Pradesh

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 1 3 2 4
  2. (b) 3 1 4 2
  3. (c) 3 1 2 4
  4. (d) 1 3 4 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) 3 1 4 2

Paradip – Odisha; Tuticorin (V.O. Chidambaranar) – Tamil Nadu; Kakinada – Andhra Pradesh; Alappuzha – Kerala. Code 3 1 4 2.

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Sustainable development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present time should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.

Reason (R): Agenda 21 was signed by world leaders in 1995.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false

(A) is the Brundtland idea of sustainable development. Agenda 21 was adopted at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, not signed in 1995, so (R) is false.

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List - I (Pulitzer award categories)

A. Fiction

B. Music

C. Biography

D. Drama

List - II (Awardee in 2025)

1. Jason Roberts

2. Branden Jacobs-Jenkins

3. Susie Ibarra

4. Percival Everett

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 3 4 2 1
  2. (b) 4 3 1 2
  3. (c) 4 3 2 1
  4. (d) 3 4 1 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) 4 3 1 2

Pulitzer Prizes 2025: Fiction – Percival Everett ('James'); Music – Susie Ibarra ('Sky Islands'); Biography – Jason Roberts ('Every Living Thing'); Drama – Branden Jacobs-Jenkins ('Purpose'). Code 4 3 1 2.

Which of the following enzymes is/are released in stomach for protein digestion?

1. Chymotrypsin

2. Trypsin

3. Pepsin

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) Only 2 and 3
  4. (d) 1, 2 and 3
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 3

Pepsin is released in the stomach (as pepsinogen, activated by HCl) to digest proteins. Trypsin and chymotrypsin come from the pancreas and act in the small intestine.

Q 54Polity

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): India has a Parliamentary system of Government.

Reason (R): In India, the executive is responsible to the legislature.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

India has a parliamentary system because the executive (Council of Ministers) is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha (Article 75(3)). (R) explains (A).

Which of the following pairs is/are NOT correctly matched?

(Pass) – (State/Union Territory)

1. Lipulekh – Ladakh

2. Nathu La – Sikkim

3. Bomdila – Arunachal Pradesh

4. Shipki La – Himachal Pradesh

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 2, 3 and 4
  3. (c) Only 1, 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

Lipulekh Pass is in Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand (on the Kailash–Mansarovar route), not Ladakh. Nathu La (Sikkim), Bomdila (Arunachal Pradesh) and Shipki La (Himachal Pradesh) are correct.

Q 56Polity

Which among the following words were inserted in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitution Amendment?

1. Socialist

2. Secular

3. Sovereign

4. Republic

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 3
  2. (b) 3 and 4
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) 1 and 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) 1 and 2

The 42nd Amendment (1976) added 'Socialist', 'Secular' and 'Integrity' to the Preamble. 'Sovereign' and 'Republic' were there from the start.

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List - I (Emperor)

A. Babur

B. Humayun

C. Jahangir

D. Shah Jahan

List - II (City where Tomb is located)

1. Agra

2. Lahore

3. Delhi

4. Kabul

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 4 3 2 1
  2. (b) 3 4 1 2
  3. (c) 3 4 2 1
  4. (d) 4 3 1 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 4 3 2 1

Babur's tomb – Kabul (Bagh-e Babur); Humayun's – Delhi; Jahangir's – Lahore (Shahdara); Shah Jahan's – Agra (Taj Mahal). Code 4 3 2 1.

Which of the following Ramsar wetland site is/are NOT situated in Uttar Pradesh?

1. Sarsai Nawar Jheel

2. Samaspur Bird Sanctuary

3. Rudrasagar Lake

4. Sultanpur National Park

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 3
  2. (b) 3 and 4
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) 1 and 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) 3 and 4

Sarsai Nawar Jheel (Etawah) and Samaspur Bird Sanctuary (Raebareli) are Ramsar sites in UP. Rudrasagar Lake is in Tripura and Sultanpur National Park in Haryana.

Global Wage Report 2024-25 was released by which of the following organisation?

1. International Labour Organisation

2. World Bank

3. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

The Global Wage Report is the International Labour Organization's flagship report; the 2024-25 edition dealt with wage inequality.

The Global Financial Stability Report is released by which among the following?

1. International Monetary Fund

2. World Economic Forum

3. World Bank

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

The Global Financial Stability Report is published twice a year by the International Monetary Fund, along with the World Economic Outlook and Fiscal Monitor.

With reference to lichens, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Lichens are very good indicators of pollution.

2. Lichens grow well in polluted areas.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

Lichens are very sensitive to air pollution, especially sulphur dioxide, so they are good bioindicators. For the same reason they do not grow well in polluted areas. Only statement 1 is correct.

Which of the following pairs is/are NOT correctly matched?

(Day) – (Date)

1. International Ozone Day – 16 September

2. World Environment Day – 5 June

3. World Wildlife Day – 22 March

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 3
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 3

World Wildlife Day is 3 March (CITES); 22 March is World Water Day. Ozone Day (16 September) and World Environment Day (5 June) are correct.

With reference to 'Brazil' which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. The equatorial rainforests of Brazil are called 'Selvas'.

2. The dark black colour fertile land here is called 'Terra Roxa'.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

Brazil's Amazon equatorial rainforests are called selvas. Terra roxa is the fertile dark red-purple soil of the coffee lands of São Paulo and Paraná, not a black soil, so statement 2 is taken as wrong.

Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List-I (Finance Commission)

A. Eleventh

B. Twelfth

C. Thirteenth

D. Fourteenth

List-II (Chairman)

1. Dr. C. Rangarajan

2. Dr. Y. V. Reddy

3. Prof. A. M. Khusro

4. Dr. Vijay L. Kelkar

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 3 1 4 2
  2. (b) 2 3 4 1
  3. (c) 3 2 1 4
  4. (d) 1 3 2 4
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 3 1 4 2

11th Finance Commission – A.M. Khusro; 12th – C. Rangarajan; 13th – Vijay L. Kelkar; 14th – Y.V. Reddy. Code 3 1 4 2.

Which among the following is/are NOT a social indicator of poverty?

1. Illiteracy

2. Safe drinking water

3. Job opportunities

4. Size of the house

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 4
  3. (c) 3 and 4
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 4

NCERT's social indicators of poverty include illiteracy, malnutrition, lack of access to healthcare, lack of job opportunities and lack of safe drinking water and sanitation. The size of the house is not one of them.

Q 66Polity

Match List-I with List-II and choose the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List - I (Lok Sabha)

A. 11th Lok Sabha

B. 12th Lok Sabha

C. 14th Lok Sabha

D. 17th Lok Sabha

List - II (Lok Sabha Speaker)

1. Om Birla

2. P. A. Sangma

3. Somnath Chatterjee

4. G.M.C. Balyogi

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 2 4 3 1
  2. (b) 4 2 3 1
  3. (c) 3 2 4 1
  4. (d) 2 3 4 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 2 4 3 1

Speakers: 11th Lok Sabha – P.A. Sangma; 12th – G.M.C. Balayogi; 14th – Somnath Chatterjee; 17th – Om Birla. Code 2 4 3 1.

With reference to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. The first Carnatic war ended.

2. Madras was returned to the British.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), which ended the War of the Austrian Succession, also ended the First Carnatic War and returned Madras to the British. Both statements are correct.

Which of the following pairs is/are NOT correctly matched?

(City) – (River)

1. Budapest – Danube

2. Cologne – Rhine

3. New Orleans – Missouri

4. Hyderabad (India) – Paleru

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 1, 2 and 3
  2. (b) Only 3 and 4
  3. (c) Only 2, 3 and 4
  4. (d) Only 1 and 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 3 and 4

New Orleans is on the Mississippi, not the Missouri, and Hyderabad is on the Musi, not the Paleru. Budapest (Danube) and Cologne (Rhine) are correct.

With reference to 'Baking Soda', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It is Sodium hydrogen carbonate.

2. It is used in fire extinguishers.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Baking soda is sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃). It is used in soda-acid fire extinguishers, where it reacts with acid to release CO₂. Both statements are correct.

Which of the following prepared the Annual Groundwater Quality Report 2024?

1. Central Pollution Control Board

2. Central Water Commission

3. Central Groundwater Board

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 3

The Annual Groundwater Quality Report 2024 was prepared by the Central Ground Water Board (Ministry of Jal Shakti).

Q 71Polity

Who among the following were the members of the Fazal Ali Commission?

1. K. T. Shah

2. K. M. Panikkar

3. P. Sitaramaiah

4. H. N. Kunjaru

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 3
  2. (b) 2 and 4
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) 1 and 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) 2 and 4

The States Reorganisation Commission (1953) was chaired by Fazl Ali, with K.M. Panikkar and H.N. Kunzru as members.

Consider the following and arrange them in the correct chronological order.

1. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation

2. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

3. Jal Jeevan Mission

4. National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 2, 4, 1, 3
  2. (b) 4, 2, 1, 3
  3. (c) 2, 4, 3, 1
  4. (d) 4, 2, 3, 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 2, 4, 1, 3

JNNURM – 2005; National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy – 2007; AMRUT – 2015; Jal Jeevan Mission – 2019. Order: 2, 4, 1, 3.

With reference to 'earthworms', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Earthworms improves soil fertility and are known as farmer's friends.

2. Earthworm has two pair of hearts.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

Earthworms aerate the soil and enrich it with castings, so they are called farmers' friends. An earthworm has four pairs of hearts (lateral hearts), not two, so statement 2 is wrong.

Arrange the following saints in correct chronological order and select the correct answer from the code given below.

1. Nanak

2. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

3. Namdev

4. Kabir

Code:

  1. (a) 3, 4, 2, 1
  2. (b) 4, 3, 1, 2
  3. (c) 3, 4, 1, 2
  4. (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 3, 4, 1, 2

Namdev (1270–1350), Kabir (c. 1440–1518), Guru Nanak (1469–1539) and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (1486–1534). Order: 3, 4, 1, 2.

Which of the following is/are NOT a cold ocean current?

1. Agulhas current

2. Brazil current

3. Humboldt current

4. California current

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 3
  2. (b) 3 and 4
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) 1 and 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) 1 and 2

The Agulhas and Brazil currents are warm currents flowing poleward along eastern coasts. The Humboldt (Peru) and California currents are cold.

With reference to 'Multi-Dimensional Poverty Index', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It was developed and introduced in 2010.

2. It measures extreme poverty and includes those living on less than one dollar per day.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

The global MPI was developed by OPHI and UNDP and introduced in the 2010 Human Development Report. It measures deprivations in health, education and living standards, not income below a dollar a day. Only statement 1 is correct.

Which of the following pairs is/are NOT correctly matched?

(Acid) – (Acid found in)

1. Lactic acid – Curd

2. Tartaric acid – Grapes

3. Acetic acid – Potato

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 3

Acetic acid is found in vinegar, not potatoes. Lactic acid (curd) and tartaric acid (grapes, tamarind) are correctly matched.

With reference to the 'Indian Ocean', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It was called by the Ancient Greeks as Erythraean Sea.

2. It is spread on the either side of equator.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

The ancient Greeks called the Indian Ocean (with the Red Sea and Arabian Sea) the Erythraean Sea, as in the 'Periplus of the Erythraean Sea', and the ocean lies on both sides of the equator. Both statements are correct.

Arrange the following events in correct chronological order and select the correct answer from the code given below.

1. Battle of Kannauj

2. Battle of Daurah

3. Battle of Samugarh

4. Battle of Chausa

Code:

  1. (a) 2, 4, 3, 1
  2. (b) 4, 2, 1, 3
  3. (c) 4, 2, 3, 1
  4. (d) 2, 4, 1, 3
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) 2, 4, 1, 3

Battle of Daurah/Dadrah (1532, Humayun against the Afghans), Chausa (1539), Kannauj (1540) and Samugarh (1658). Order: 2, 4, 1, 3.

Which of the following statements with reference to 'blood' is/are correct?

1. Blood is composed of plasma and different types of cells.

2. The presence of haemoglobin makes blood appear red.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Blood is plasma plus red cells, white cells and platelets, and the iron-containing pigment haemoglobin in red cells makes it red. Both statements are correct.

Who among the following Indian novelists and journalists is/are part of the five member jury for the 2026 International Booker Prize?

1. Natasha Brown

2. Kiran Desai

3. Nilanjana S. Roy

4. Rajni Chauhan

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 2 and 3
  2. (b) 3 and 4
  3. (c) Only 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Only 3

The five-member jury for the International Booker Prize 2026 is chaired by British novelist Natasha Brown and includes the Indian writer and journalist Nilanjana S. Roy. Of the options, only Nilanjana Roy is an Indian member.

Q 82Polity

Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List-I (Committees of Constituent Assembly)

A. Union Constitution Committee

B. Rules of Procedure Committee

C. Drafting Committee

D. Fundamental Rights Sub-committee

List - II (Chairman of Committees)

1. Dr. Rajendra Prasad

2. J. B. Kripalani

3. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

4. Jawaharlal Nehru

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 2 1 3 4
  2. (b) 1 4 3 2
  3. (c) 4 1 3 2
  4. (d) 1 2 3 4
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 4 1 3 2

Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru; Rules of Procedure Committee – Rajendra Prasad; Drafting Committee – B.R. Ambedkar; Fundamental Rights Sub-committee – J.B. Kripalani. Code 4 1 3 2.

Consider the following and arrange them in correct chronological order.

1. Jawahar Rojgar Yojana

2. The development of women and children in Rural Areas

3. Integrated Rural Development Programme

4. National Rural Employment Programme

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 3, 4, 1, 2
  2. (b) 4, 3, 2, 1
  3. (c) 4, 3, 1, 2
  4. (d) 3, 4, 2, 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) 3, 4, 2, 1

IRDP (1978-80), NREP (1980), DWCRA (1982) and Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (1989). Order: 3, 4, 2, 1.

Which of the following districts of Uttar Pradesh shares its boundary with only one other district of Uttar Pradesh?

1. Lalitpur

2. Saharanpur

3. Sonbhadra

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 1 and 2
  2. (b) All 1, 2 and 3
  3. (c) Only 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

Lalitpur borders only Jhansi within UP (the rest is Madhya Pradesh). Saharanpur borders Shamli and Muzaffarnagar, and Sonbhadra borders Mirzapur and Chandauli.

Q 85Polity

With reference to Panchayati Raj Institutions in India which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Tenure of Panchayati Raj Institutions shall be of 5 years.

2. In Panchayati Raj Institutions, out of the seats reserved, 1/4 of the seats shall be reserved for women belonging to Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

Panchayats have a five-year term (Article 243E). Under Article 243D, at least one-third (not one-fourth) of the seats reserved for SCs and STs are reserved for women of those groups. Only statement 1 is correct.

Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List-I (Writer)

A. Trivikram Bhatta

B. Somdev

C. Jaidev

D. Kshemendra

List-II (Book)

1. Gita Govinda

2. Brihatkathamanjari

3. Nal Champu

4. Katha Sarit Sagar

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 3 4 1 2
  2. (b) 4 3 2 1
  3. (c) 4 3 1 2
  4. (d) 3 4 2 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 3 4 1 2

Trivikrama Bhatta – Nala Champu; Somadeva – Kathasaritsagara; Jayadeva – Gita Govinda; Kshemendra – Brihatkathamanjari. Code 3 4 1 2.

Which of the following archaeological sites related to Indus Valley civilization are situated in present day Uttar Pradesh?

1. Mandi

2. Rakhigarhi

3. Hulas

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 1 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 1 and 3

Mandi (Muzaffarnagar) and Hulas (Saharanpur) are Harappan sites in present-day Uttar Pradesh; Rakhigarhi is in Haryana.

The Hindi extraction's options differed from the booklet; the booklet's are used.

Consider the following sources of world water supply and arrange them in descending order.

1. Oceans

2. Rivers

3. Polar ice and Glaciers

4. Ground water

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1, 3, 4, 2
  2. (b) 1, 2, 4, 3
  3. (c) 1, 2, 3, 4
  4. (d) 1, 4, 3, 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 1, 3, 4, 2

Of all water on Earth, oceans hold about 97%, ice caps and glaciers about 2%, groundwater about 0.6% and rivers a tiny fraction. Descending order: 1, 3, 4, 2.

Q 89Polity

Which of the following is/are a Financial Committee of Parliament in India?

1. Public Accounts Committee

2. Estimate Committee

3. Committee on Public Undertakings

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 1 and 2
  2. (b) All 1, 2 and 3
  3. (c) Only 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) All 1, 2 and 3

Parliament's three financial committees are the Public Accounts Committee, the Estimates Committee and the Committee on Public Undertakings.

Match List-I with List II and select the correct answer from the code given below the lists.

List-I (National Park/Wildlife Sanctuary)

A. Dachingam

B. Keoladeo

C. Kanha

D. Periyar

List-II (State/Union Territory)

1. Madhya Pradesh

2. Rajasthan

3. Kerala

4. Jammu and Kashmir

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 4 2 3 1
  2. (b) 2 4 1 3
  3. (c) 2 4 3 1
  4. (d) 4 2 1 3
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) 4 2 1 3

Dachigam – Jammu and Kashmir; Keoladeo – Rajasthan; Kanha – Madhya Pradesh; Periyar – Kerala. Code 4 2 1 3.

Which of the following countries is/are NOT a member of the 'Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Co-operation (BIMSTEC)'?

1. Thailand

2. Nepal

3. Bhutan

4. Indonesia

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 2 and 3
  2. (b) Only 4
  3. (c) 1 and 4
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 4

BIMSTEC has seven members: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Indonesia is not a member.

Which of the following pair is/are NOT correctly matched?

(Dam) – (River)

1. Baglihar Dam – Chenab

2. Pandoh Dam – Ravi

3. Srisailam Dam – Tungabhadra

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 2 and 3

Pandoh Dam is on the Beas (Himachal Pradesh), not the Ravi, and Srisailam Dam is on the Krishna, not the Tungabhadra. Baglihar (Chenab) is correct.

With reference to Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Income (MISHTI), which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It was initiated in 2019.

2. It aims to restore Mangrove forests.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) Only 2

MISHTI was announced in the Union Budget 2023-24 and launched on 5 June 2023, not in 2019. It aims to restore and expand mangrove forests along the coast. Only statement 2 is correct.

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): The Himalayas form source of several large perennial rivers.

Reason (R): The higher ranges of Himalayas are snow covered throughout the year.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

The Himalayan rivers (Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra and others) are perennial because they are fed by snow and glaciers on the high ranges as well as by rain. (R) explains (A).

Given below are two statements one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): The territories of the Sultanate could be broadly divided into two parts the Khalsa and the Jagirs.

Reason (R): The Jagirs comprised of the land under the control of the State.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false

Sultanate territory was broadly divided into khalisa (crown land, whose revenue went directly to the treasury) and land assigned as iqtas/jagirs. Land directly under state control was the khalisa, not the jagirs, so (R) is false.

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List-I (Awardee 2025)

A. Trade and Industry

B. Literature and Education

C. Medicine

D. Art

List-II (Padmavibhushan Fields 2025)

1. Shri Lakshminarayana Subramaniam

2. Shri Osamu Suzuki

3. Shri M. T. Vasudevan Nair

4. Shri D. Nageshwar Reddy

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 3 2 1 4
  2. (b) 2 3 4 1
  3. (c) 2 3 1 4
  4. (d) 3 2 4 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) 2 3 4 1

Padma Vibhushan 2025: Trade and Industry – Osamu Suzuki (posthumous); Literature and Education – M.T. Vasudevan Nair (posthumous); Medicine – D. Nageshwar Reddy; Art – L. Subramaniam. Code 2 3 4 1.

Pushkar Kumbh Mela 2025 was held in May 2025 in which of the following State(s)?

1. Rajasthan

2. Uttar Pradesh

3. Uttarakhand

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 3

The Pushkar Kumbh of May 2025 was held at Keshav Prayag, near Mana village in Chamoli, Uttarakhand, at the confluence of the Alaknanda and Saraswati.

The English extraction's options differed from the booklet; the booklet's are used.

Which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Dolphins and Whales breathe through blowholes.

2. Earthworm breathe through their skin.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Dolphins and whales are mammals that breathe air through blowholes on top of their heads, and earthworms breathe through their moist skin. Both statements are correct.

Q 99Polity

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): The concept of National Integration involves political, economic, social, cultural and psychological dimensions and inter-relation between them.

Reason (R): The National Integration Council was constituted in 1961 on the principle of 'Unity in Diversity'.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

National integration has political, economic, social, cultural and psychological dimensions (A true), and the National Integration Council was set up in 1961 after the National Integration Conference (R true). The date of the Council does not explain the concept, so (R) is not the explanation.

This explanation is being checked by a subject expert.

Consider the following elements found in a typical 70 kg man and arrange them in correct increasing order.

1. Sodium

2. Potassium

3. Copper

4. Iron

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 4, 3, 1, 2
  2. (b) 3, 4, 2, 1
  3. (c) 3, 4, 1, 2
  4. (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 3, 4, 1, 2

In a 70 kg adult: copper about 72 mg, iron about 4 g, sodium about 100 g and potassium about 140 g. Increasing order: 3, 4, 1, 2.

Q 101Economy

Consider the following Committees relating to poverty and arrange their formation in correct chronological order.

1. Lakdawala Committee

2. Rangarajan Committee

3. Tendulkar Committee

4. Dandekar and Rath Committee

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 4, 1, 2, 3
  2. (b) 1, 4, 3, 2
  3. (c) 1, 4, 2, 3
  4. (d) 4, 1, 3, 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) 4, 1, 3, 2

Dandekar and Rath (1971), Lakdawala Expert Group (1989-93), Tendulkar Committee (2005-09) and Rangarajan Committee (2012-14). Order: 4, 1, 3, 2.

Which of the following languages is/are NOT included in the Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution?

1. Nepali

2. Dogri

3. Bodo

4. Bhojpuri

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 4
  3. (c) 3 and 4
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 4

Nepali (added in 1992) and Dogri and Bodo (added in 2003) are in the Eighth Schedule. Bhojpuri is not.

With reference to 'acid and bases', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Acidic solutions have pH more than 7.

2. Basic solutions have pH less than 7.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Neither 1 nor 2

Acidic solutions have pH below 7 and basic solutions above 7, so both statements reverse the facts.

Q 104Polity

Consider the tenure of the following Presidents of India and arrange them in correct chronological order starting from earliest to the last.

1. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

2. K.R. Narayanan

3. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

4. R. Venkataraman

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1, 4, 2, 3
  2. (b) 4, 1, 3, 2
  3. (c) 4, 1, 2, 3
  4. (d) 1, 4, 3, 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 1, 4, 2, 3

Neelam Sanjiva Reddy (1977–82), R. Venkataraman (1987–92), K.R. Narayanan (1997–2002) and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (2002–07). Order: 1, 4, 2, 3.

Four Buddhist Councils were held at the following places. Arrange them in correct chronological order and select the correct answer from the code given below.

1. Vaishali

2. Rajagriha

3. Kundalvana

4. Pataliputra

Code:

  1. (a) 1, 2, 4, 3
  2. (b) 2, 1, 3, 4
  3. (c) 2, 1, 4, 3
  4. (d) 1, 2, 3, 4
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 2, 1, 4, 3

Buddhist councils: first at Rajagriha (c. 483 BCE), second at Vaishali (c. 383 BCE), third at Pataliputra (c. 250 BCE, Ashoka) and fourth at Kundalavana, Kashmir (Kanishka). Order: 2, 1, 4, 3.

Match List-I with List-II and choose the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List-I (Nuclear Power Plant)

A. Kudankulam

B. Kakrapar

C. Kaiga

D. Rawatbhata

List-II (State)

1. Karnataka

2. Tamil Nadu

3. Rajasthan

4. Gujarat

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 4 2 1 3
  2. (b) 2 4 3 1
  3. (c) 2 4 1 3
  4. (d) 4 2 3 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 2 4 1 3

Kudankulam – Tamil Nadu; Kakrapar – Gujarat; Kaiga – Karnataka; Rawatbhata – Rajasthan. Code 2 4 1 3.

Who among the following had won the International Booker Prize in 2025?

1. Banu Mushtaq

2. Deepa Bhasthi

3. Sanjay Chauhan

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 1 and 2

The International Booker Prize 2025 went to 'Heart Lamp', Banu Mushtaq's Kannada short stories, shared with its translator Deepa Bhasthi; it was the first Kannada book to win.

Match List-I with List-II and choose the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List I (Iron-ore Mines)

A. Gurumahisani

B. Bailadila

C. Noamundi

D. Kudremukh

List - II (State)

1. Jharkhand

2. Karnataka

3. Odisha

4. Chhattisgarh

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 3 4 2 1
  2. (b) 4 3 1 2
  3. (c) 4 3 2 1
  4. (d) 3 4 1 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) 3 4 1 2

Gurumahisani – Odisha (Mayurbhanj); Bailadila – Chhattisgarh; Noamundi – Jharkhand; Kudremukh – Karnataka. Code 3 4 1 2.

With reference to 'International Solar Alliance', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It is the first treaty based Inter-governmental organisation headquartered in India with 38 member countries.

2. World Solar Bank and One Sun One World One Grid Initiative were initiated under it.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) Only 2

The International Solar Alliance (headquartered at Gurugram) is the first treaty-based intergovernmental organisation based in India, but it has over 100 member countries, not 38. The World Solar Bank and One Sun One World One Grid are ISA initiatives. Only statement 2 is taken as correct.

This explanation is being checked by a subject expert.

Joint special forces exercise 'KHANJAR-XII' was held in March 2025 between India and which of the following Countries?

1. Russia

2. Turkmenistan

3. Kyrgyzstan

4. Mongolia

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 2 and 3
  2. (b) 3 and 4
  3. (c) Only 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Only 3

KHANJAR-XII (March 2025, Tokmok) was the India–Kyrgyzstan joint special forces exercise.

Which of the following Department prepares the National Indicator Framework Progress Report related to Sustainable Development Goals in Uttar Pradesh?

1. Department of Finance

2. Department of Education

3. Department of Planning

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 1 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 3

In Uttar Pradesh, the Planning Department (through its SDG monitoring cell) prepares the progress report on the SDG indicator framework.

With reference to 'Isotopes', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Atoms with identical atomic numbers but different atomic mass numbers are known as isotopes.

2. Protium, Deuterium and Tritium are isotopes of carbon.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. Protium, deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen, not carbon. Only statement 1 is correct.

Q 113Polity

Match List-I with List-II and choose the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List-I (Schedule)

A. 7th Schedule

B. 8th Schedule

C. 9th Schedule

D. 10th Schedule

List - II (Subject)

1. Languages

2. Disqualification on ground of defection

3. Union, State and Concurrent lists

4. Validation of certain Acts/Regulations

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 3 1 2 4
  2. (b) 3 1 4 2
  3. (c) 2 3 4 1
  4. (d) 4 2 1 3
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) 3 1 4 2

7th Schedule – Union, State and Concurrent Lists; 8th – languages; 9th – validation of certain Acts and Regulations; 10th – disqualification on grounds of defection. Code 3 1 4 2.

Which of the following sites were obtained by the British East India Company under the Treaty of Sugauli in 1816?

1. Kathmandu

2. Shimla

3. Ranikhet

4. Nainital

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3 and 4
  3. (c) 2, 3 and 4
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 2, 3 and 4

Under the Treaty of Sugauli (1816) after the Anglo-Nepalese War, Nepal ceded Kumaon and Garhwal (with Nainital and Ranikhet) and the Shimla hills to the Company. Kathmandu stayed with Nepal.

"Swavalambini", a women entrepreneurship programme for the North-East is launched by which of the following ministries?

1. Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship

2. Ministry of Women and Child Development

3. Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

'Swavalambini', a women's entrepreneurship programme for the North-East, was launched in 2025 by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship with NITI Aayog.

Which of the following rivers fall into the Arabian Sea?

1. Periyar

2. Pennar

3. Palar

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 1
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) 1 and 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) Only 1

The Periyar (Kerala) flows west into the Arabian Sea. The Pennar and Palar flow east into the Bay of Bengal.

Arrange the following electromagnetic radiations in decreasing order of their frequencies.

1. Gamma rays

2. Ultraviolet rays

3. Radio waves

4. X-rays

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1, 4, 3, 2
  2. (b) 4, 1, 2, 3
  3. (c) 1, 4, 2, 3
  4. (d) 4, 1, 3, 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 1, 4, 2, 3

In decreasing frequency: gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet and radio waves. Order: 1, 4, 2, 3.

Q 118Economy

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Food security is necessary even in surplus food production years.

Reason (R): Starvation can still occur due to unequal distribution and lack of accessibility.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Even in years of surplus production, people can go hungry because food is unevenly distributed and some cannot access or afford it, which is why food security is still needed. (R) explains (A).

Q 119Polity

With reference to 'Vice-President of India', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. The Vice-President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

2. Vice-President is a member of the Rajya Sabha.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both 1 and 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Only 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

The Vice-President is the ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Article 64), but is not a member of it. Only statement 1 is correct.

Q 120Economy

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): India's success is critical for the global success of Sustainable Development Goals.

Reason (R): India accounts for nearly one-sixth of the total world population.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

India has about one-sixth (roughly 17–18%) of the world's population, so global progress on the SDGs depends heavily on India's progress. (R) explains (A).

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists.

List-I (Ruler)

A. Mahendraverman First

B. Kadungon

C. Amoghavarsha First

D. Rajaraja First

List-II (Dynasty)

1. Rashtrakuta

2. Pallava

3. Chola

4. Pandya

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 4 2 3 1
  2. (b) 2 4 1 3
  3. (c) 2 4 3 1
  4. (d) 4 2 1 3
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) 2 4 1 3

Mahendravarman I – Pallava; Kadungon – Pandya (revived the dynasty, 6th century); Amoghavarsha I – Rashtrakuta; Rajaraja I – Chola. Code 2 4 1 3.

The Appiko Movement is associated with which of the following Indian States?

1. Uttarakhand

2. Uttar Pradesh

3. Kerala

4. Karnataka

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 4
  3. (c) 3 and 4
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 4

The Appiko movement (1983), inspired by Chipko, began in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka to save the Western Ghats forests.

Q 123Economy

Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana comes under which of the following?

1. Ministry of Corporate Affairs

2. Ministry of Rural Development

3. Ministry of Finance

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 3

Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (2015), which gives collateral-free loans up to ₹20 lakh to micro enterprises, is run by the Department of Financial Services, Ministry of Finance.

Q 124Polity

Consider the following Election Reforms in India and arrange them in correct chronological order starting from earliest to the last.

1. Voters photo identity card

2. Electronic voting machine

3. Voter verifiable paper audit trail

4. NOTA

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 2, 1, 3, 4
  2. (b) 1, 2, 4, 3
  3. (c) 1, 2, 3, 4
  4. (d) 2, 1, 4, 3
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 2, 1, 3, 4

EVMs were first used in 1982 (Paravur, Kerala) and EPIC voter ID cards came in 1993. VVPAT was first used in September 2013 (Noksen, Nagaland), and NOTA followed the Supreme Court's judgment of 27 September 2013 and was first used in the November 2013 elections. Order: 2, 1, 3, 4; verify.

This explanation is being checked by a subject expert.

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Evaporation of sweat from human skin dissipates body heat.

Reason (R): High humidity on a hot day increases discomfort.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)

Sweat cools the body because evaporation absorbs latent heat (A true). High humidity slows evaporation and so increases discomfort on hot days (R true), but this does not explain why evaporation cools, so (R) is not the explanation.

Q 126Polity

'BHARATPOL', an online portal for International Police Co-operation has been developed by which of the following?

1. Central Bureau of Investigation

2. Research and Analysis Wing

3. Intelligence Bureau

4. Enforcement Directorate

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 2 and 3
  2. (b) 3 and 4
  3. (c) Only 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

BHARATPOL, launched in January 2025, was developed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (India's National Central Bureau for Interpol) to speed up international police cooperation.

Consider the following events and arrange them in correct chronological order.

1. Acquisition of Awadh by the British

2. Ilbert Bill Controversy

3. Indigo Revolt

4. Second Anglo-Afghan War

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1, 3, 4, 2
  2. (b) 3, 1, 2, 4
  3. (c) 3, 1, 4, 2
  4. (d) 1, 3, 2, 4
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) 1, 3, 4, 2

Annexation of Awadh – 1856; Indigo revolt – 1859–60; Second Anglo-Afghan War – 1878–80; Ilbert Bill controversy – 1883. Order: 1, 3, 4, 2.

Q 128Economy

As per the One District One Product (ODOP) scheme of Uttar Pradesh, Moonj products are associated with which of the following districts?

1. Amethi

2. Sultanpur

3. Sant Kabir Nagar

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 3
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) 1 and 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) 1 and 2

Under UP's ODOP scheme, moonj products belong to Amethi and Sultanpur. Sant Kabir Nagar's product is brassware.

Which of the following Programmes/Schemes is/are NOT included in meeting the objectives of National Education Policy 2020?

1. ULLAS

2. DIKSHA

3. Bharat Nirman Programme

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 1 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 3

ULLAS (adult literacy) and DIKSHA (digital school content) support NEP 2020. Bharat Nirman (2005) was a rural infrastructure programme, unrelated to the NEP.

Iron dome missile defence system belongs to which of the following countries?

1. France

2. United States of America

3. Israel

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 3

Iron Dome is Israel's short-range air defence system, developed by Rafael and Israel Aerospace Industries (the USA has helped fund it).

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Voices of men and women are different.

Reason (R): Length and thickness of vocal cord is different in men and women.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

Men's vocal cords are longer and thicker, so they vibrate at a lower frequency and men's voices are deeper. (R) explains (A).

Q 132Economy

With reference to 'Human Development Index', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. The UNDP published its first Human Development Report in 1990, which had a Human Development Index.

2. The first team that developed the Human Development Index was led by Mahbub-ul-Haq and S. Priesner.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

UNDP's first Human Development Report (1990) introduced the HDI. The index was developed by Mahbub ul Haq with Amartya Sen; 'S. Priesner' is not known as a co-leader, so statement 2 is taken as wrong.

This explanation is being checked by a subject expert.

Which of the following pairs is/are NOT correctly matched?

1. National Voters Day (India) - 25 January

2. Constitution Day (India) - 27 January

3. Human Rights Day (World) - 29 January

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 2 and 3

National Voters' Day is 25 January (correct). Constitution Day is 26 November, not 27 January, and Human Rights Day is 10 December, not 29 January.

Q 134Economy

Consider the following and arrange them in correct chronological order.

1. Food for work programme

2. Community Development Programme

3. Training for Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM)

4. Drought Prone Area Programme

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 4, 2, 3, 1
  2. (b) 2, 4, 1, 3
  3. (c) 2, 4, 3, 1
  4. (d) 4, 2, 1, 3
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) 2, 4, 1, 3

Community Development Programme (1952), Drought Prone Area Programme (1973), Food for Work (1977) and TRYSEM (1979). Order: 2, 4, 1, 3.

Who among the following resigned from the Viceroy's Executive Council, saddened by the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre?

1. Chettur Sankaran Nair

2. Ishwari Prasad

3. Muhammad Shafi

4. Iqbal Narain Gurtu

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 2 and 3
  2. (b) Only 4
  3. (c) 3 and 4
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

Sir C. Sankaran Nair resigned from the Viceroy's Executive Council in 1919 in protest against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and martial law in Punjab.

Q 136Economy

With reference to the New Pamban Bridge, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It was constructed by Rail Vikas Nigam Limited, which is a 'Navratna' public sector unit under the Ministry of Railways.

2. It is India's first vertical lift railway sea bridge.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

The New Pamban Bridge (opened April 2025) was built by Rail Vikas Nigam Limited, a Navratna PSU under the Ministry of Railways, and is India's first vertical-lift railway sea bridge. Both statements are correct.

Q 137Economy

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Consumers can bargain below Maximum Retail Price (MRP).

Reason (R): MRP is a price a seller must charge from the buyer.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false

MRP is the maximum price a seller may charge, so consumers can bargain below it (A true). A seller is not required to charge the full MRP, so (R) is false.

Suez canal connects which of the following?

1. Atlantic Ocean

2. Red Sea

3. Mediterranean Sea

4. Indian Ocean

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 3
  2. (b) 3 and 4
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) 1 and 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 2 and 3

The Suez Canal (opened 1869) connects the Mediterranean Sea at Port Said with the Red Sea at Suez.

With reference to Lifestyle for the Environment (LiFE), which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It was launched in June 2022.

2. Its idea was proposed at the COP 25 in Madrid, Spain.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

The global LiFE movement was launched by the Prime Minister on 5 June 2022 (Mission LiFE followed in October 2022). The idea was first put forward at COP26 in Glasgow (2021), not COP25 in Madrid. Only statement 1 is taken as correct.

This explanation is being checked by a subject expert.

Q 140Economy

With reference to World Bank and International Monetary Fund, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. The World Bank and International Monetary Fund were set up together and are popularly known as Bretton Wood Twins.

2. Headquarters of International Monetary Fund and World Bank are located at Washington D.C. and New York respectively.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

The World Bank (IBRD) and IMF were set up together at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference and are called the Bretton Woods twins. Both are headquartered in Washington, D.C., so statement 2 is wrong.

Q 141Polity

With reference to the Joint Sitting of Parliament', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. Article 109 of the Constitution of India provides for the Joint Sitting of Parliament.

2. A Joint Sitting of Parliament may be called to pass a Constitution Amendment Bill.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both 1 and 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Only 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Neither 1 nor 2

Joint sittings are provided for in Article 108, not 109, and there is no joint sitting for a Constitution Amendment Bill, which each House must pass separately (Article 368). Both statements are wrong.

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below the lists.

List-I (Sustainable Development Goals)

A. Goal 1

B. Goal 3

C. Goal 4

D. Goal 6

List-II (Area of Goal)

1. Clean water and sanitation

2. Quality education

3. To end poverty in all forms

4. Good health and well-being

Code:

A B C D

  1. (a) 4 3 1 2
  2. (b) 3 4 2 1
  3. (c) 3 4 1 2
  4. (d) 4 3 2 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) 3 4 2 1

SDG 1 – end poverty in all its forms; SDG 3 – good health and well-being; SDG 4 – quality education; SDG 6 – clean water and sanitation. Code 3 4 2 1.

With reference to 'Operation Olivia', which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It is an initiative of Indian coast Guards to protect Olive Ridley turtles along the coast of Odisha.

2. Operation Olivia is carried out during the month of August which is the nesting time of Olive Ridley turtles.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

Operation Olivia is the Indian Coast Guard's annual operation to protect olive ridley turtles off Odisha. It runs from about November to May, during the mass nesting season, not in August.

Which of the following pairs is/are NOT correctly matched?

(Biosphere Reserve) – (State)

1. Nokrek – Manipur

2. Manas – Assam

3. Agasthyamalai – Kerala

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

Nokrek Biosphere Reserve is in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya, not Manipur. Manas (Assam) and Agasthyamalai (Kerala–Tamil Nadu) are correct.

With reference to Global Environment Facility, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It was established in 1991.

2. Only the developed countries are donors to it.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Only 1

The Global Environment Facility was set up in 1991 (before the Rio Summit). Its donors include developing countries such as India and China, not only developed ones. Only statement 1 is correct.

Q 146Polity

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).

Assertion (A): Directive Principles are important for economic, social and political functions in a Modern Democratic State.

Reason (R): The core objectives of Directive Principles is to establish economic and social democracy.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
  2. (b) (A) is false, but (R) is true
  3. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false
  4. (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (d) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)

The Directive Principles guide the state's economic, social and political functioning because their core aim is to establish social and economic democracy, a welfare state. (R) explains (A).

Q 147Economy

Who among the following introduced the concept of entitlements in food security?

1. M. S. Swaminathan

2. Atul Pranay

3. Samali Srikant

4. Amartya Sen

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 4
  3. (c) 3 and 4
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (b) Only 4

Amartya Sen's entitlement approach ('Poverty and Famines', 1981) explained famines as a collapse of people's entitlement to food, not just a fall in food availability.

With reference to Jnanpith Award, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. The 58th Jnanpith Award was conferred upon Sanskrit Scholar Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Ji.

2. The 1st Jnanpith Award was given in 1965.

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 2
  2. (b) Neither 1 nor 2
  3. (c) Both 1 and 2
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

The 58th Jnanpith Award (2023) went jointly to Sanskrit scholar Jagadguru Rambhadracharya and Urdu poet Gulzar. The first Jnanpith (1965) went to G. Sankara Kurup. Both statements are correct.

Arrange the following in chronological order of their rule and select the correct answer from the code given below.

1. Bajirao I

2. Balaji Bajirao

3. Balaji Vishwanath

4. Madhav Rao I

Code:

  1. (a) 1, 3, 2, 4
  2. (b) 3, 1, 4, 2
  3. (c) 3, 1, 2, 4
  4. (d) 1, 3, 4, 2
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (c) 3, 1, 2, 4

Balaji Vishwanath (1713–20), Bajirao I (1720–40), Balaji Bajirao (1740–61) and Madhav Rao I (1761–72). Order: 3, 1, 2, 4.

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

(Railway Zone) – (Headquarter)

1. Northern Railway – New Delhi

2. North Eastern Railway – Gorakhpur

3. South Eastern Railway – Cuttack

Select the correct answer from the code given below:

Code:

  1. (a) Only 1 and 2
  2. (b) Only 3
  3. (c) Only 2 and 3
  4. (d) Only 1
Show answer and explanation

Answer: (a) Only 1 and 2

Northern Railway is headquartered at New Delhi and North Eastern Railway at Gorakhpur. South Eastern Railway's headquarters is Kolkata (Garden Reach), not Cuttack.

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